rainchild wrote: ↑January 28th, 2024, 11:45 pm
The Problem of Evil, as most of us know, can be stated like this:
1) God is the all-powerful and all-benevolent creator of the universe.
2) Evil exists in that universe.
3) If God is all-powerful, and yet evil exists, God must not be all-benevolent.
4) If God is all-benevolent, and yet evil exists, God must not be all-powerful.
5) So, the all-powerful and all-benevolent God does not exist.
The argument is sound provided that you accept its definition of God.
However, the definition depends on a conception of God that is akin to our conception of geometric shapes. For example, if a polygon has three angles, then it is a triangle. If it has some other number of angles, it is not. So too with the definition of God in the argument above: If a being is all-powerful and all-benevolent, then it is God. If the being lacks one or both of these characteristics, then it is not.
However, most theists conceive of God as a person rather than a geometric shape. The former, unlike the latter, can have characteristics that are apparent but not actual.
For example, consider a nonce person we'll call "Greg," a thirty-year-old man who lives in a middle-class neighborhood with a low crime rate. Greg helps little old ladies across the street. People trust him to babysit their children, and he has never violated that trust. He has no criminal record. His neighbors praise him frequently for his cheerful willingness to help them whenever he can. In light of all this, people in his social universe credit him with consistent moral goodness.
That's because the latter people do not know that Greg is a serial killer who abducts people from a neighboring city, takes them to a secret sound-proof room beneath his kitchen floor, and uses the equipment there to process them into canned dog food, which he feeds to his dog. Greg finds his clandestine activity to be ... well, let's just say personally gratifying. It's best not to be too specific about the type of gratification on a family-oriented philosophy forum.
Now imagine that Greg is found out, thanks to a brilliant detective on the local police force. The neighbors are shocked. The neighbors say that Greg is not the consistently good man that they thought he was. <b>But the neighbors do not say that Greg does not exist.</b> They might say that the good Greg they knew did not exist, but they would say so only in a metaphorical sense. They would know that, literally, Greg still exists because Greg is a person and, as such, can have apparent rather than real characteristics. He can lack an apparent characteristic and still be Greg.
If we conceive of God as a person, rather than some mathematical entity, then God can exist even if he lacks one of these two characteristics: a) being all-powerful, and b) being all-benevolent.
Indeed, I once knew someone who lost his children in a natural disaster. He credits God with the strength to carry on after that tragedy, but does not believe that God is all-powerful. (Yes, this is real.)
As for a God who is all-powerful but not all-benevolent, such a being would constitute a good theistic explanation of many of the events we all read about in newspapers.
That's my argument. What do you think?
I am curious about why these are the types of attributes considered when theorizing about some god that might exist. Let’s clarify from the start that defining this god is an exercise of pure theoretical speculation, as there is no empirical ground from which one could launch such investigation, there’s no observable divine phenomena.
Omnipotence and omni benevolence could be attributes of the theoretical god we’re dealing with here, but how about other attributes. Actually we can come up with a series of properties that this deity could have or be missing, and all their combinations make it possible to describe the same god differently:
omnipotent / not omnipotent
omni benevolent / not omni benevolent
omnipresent / not omnipresent
omniscient / not omniscient
eternal / not eternal
In theory, our god could be defined as being omnipotent, not omni benevolent, omnipresent, but not omniscient and not eternal. There’s nothing stopping us from theorizing it that way or another, let’s say that this god is not omnipotent, but omni benevolent, omniscient, and so on. There are, though, some combinations that are contradictory, so they would not be allowed, but that is beyond the point. The point is that reducing your definition to just a couple of attributes, which are not even clarified as to whether they are essential or accidental attributes, will not say much. There’s also the issue of a divine entity having only essential and not accidental attributes, but that’s precisely what needs to be put in an argument. Just the same as the OP presents the case of omni benevolence being contingent, accidental, non-essential, the case could be made that omnipotence is not essential to this deity.
I will add that this ambiguity is a key element in the way most if not all theists argue about the existence of their god. Just when you think you nailed the proper definition and proceed to demonstrate that “this god cannot exist”, they will bring up a slightly different definition that will keep their deity safe from logical demonstrations. It’s an open case fallacy.